History of Tourism
(Topic 9)
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Evolution & GrowthThe human need and desire to travel has not changed over time however evolution through the ages has provided the tourism industry to grow and develop to meet the demands of tourists (McIntosh, Goeldner, & Ritche, 1995).
Early modern times (1550-1950), particularly in the early 18th century has been revolutionary to the tourism industry. Henry Ford's introduction of the first automobile in 1908 not only saw the demand for better roads but ultimately changed the way and accessibility of travel (McIntosh et. al, 1995). The notion of war also motivated many technological advances that have assisted in the development and growth of the tourism industry (Hall, 2007). The autobahns in Germany developed during war times and technological advances in aircrafts (M. Hall, personal communication, October, 2013) are a few major systems contributing towards the efficiency and quality of an experience by tourists in transit. Contemporarily (1950-now) the Chinese have seen a fluctuation in outbound tourism, 5 million in 1996 to 34.5 million in 2006 (Tse & Hobson, 2008). An aging population with more discretionary income and time can be linked to the increase in tourism not only in China but other developed nations (Tse & Hobson, 2008). Economically Australian's are more inclined to travel overseas to neighboring Asian-Pacific countries as it is financially cheaper to do so (M. Hall, personal communication, October, 2013). |
Macro Factors
Identified below are a number of macro-environment factors that have the potential to influence the future and current demand on tourism (Tse & Hobson, 2008; Kotler, Burton, Deans, Brown, Armstrong, 2013).
Competitive
The competition between destinations to attract tourists, creating networks with travel agents around the globe to promote their destination. (Tse & Hobson, 2008). In order to be more successful than one competitors one simply must adapt to the needs of the target tourist in order to achieve greater customer value and satisfaction (Kotler et al., 2013).
Demographic
An aging population with more discretionary time has promoted a growth in tourism, family sizes are also smaller subsequently allowing families to travel internationally more easily and have more discretionary spending money (Tse & Hobson, 2008; Kotler et al., 2013).
Economic
Changes of economic growth in nations particularly of Asian orient has seen an increase in outbound tourism to Australia due to the availability of more discretionary income Tse & Hobson, 2008; Kotler et al., 2013).
Technological
advances with the internet have allowed for people to gain greater knowledge about new and potential destinations in addition to the services provided to tourists at the destination and means for transit (Tse & Hobson, 2008).
Cultural
The culture within the tourists own environment in which may influence them to travel (Tse & Hobson, 2008). And the prospect in which people seek self-fulfillment and realization, view nature as something to master, or to find harmony is also potentially influential towards tourism growth (Kotler et al., 2013).
Political
The laws, government agencies and pressure groups that influence and limit the activities of organizations within the tourism industry (Tse & Hobson, 2008; Kotler et al., 2013).
Natural
The natural resources readily available at a destination (Kotler et al., 2013). Also includes the uncontrollable forces of nature, for example the 2004 Boxing Day Tsunami (L. Donahue, personal communication, October 2013)
Competitive
The competition between destinations to attract tourists, creating networks with travel agents around the globe to promote their destination. (Tse & Hobson, 2008). In order to be more successful than one competitors one simply must adapt to the needs of the target tourist in order to achieve greater customer value and satisfaction (Kotler et al., 2013).
Demographic
An aging population with more discretionary time has promoted a growth in tourism, family sizes are also smaller subsequently allowing families to travel internationally more easily and have more discretionary spending money (Tse & Hobson, 2008; Kotler et al., 2013).
Economic
Changes of economic growth in nations particularly of Asian orient has seen an increase in outbound tourism to Australia due to the availability of more discretionary income Tse & Hobson, 2008; Kotler et al., 2013).
Technological
advances with the internet have allowed for people to gain greater knowledge about new and potential destinations in addition to the services provided to tourists at the destination and means for transit (Tse & Hobson, 2008).
Cultural
The culture within the tourists own environment in which may influence them to travel (Tse & Hobson, 2008). And the prospect in which people seek self-fulfillment and realization, view nature as something to master, or to find harmony is also potentially influential towards tourism growth (Kotler et al., 2013).
Political
The laws, government agencies and pressure groups that influence and limit the activities of organizations within the tourism industry (Tse & Hobson, 2008; Kotler et al., 2013).
Natural
The natural resources readily available at a destination (Kotler et al., 2013). Also includes the uncontrollable forces of nature, for example the 2004 Boxing Day Tsunami (L. Donahue, personal communication, October 2013)
References
Croy, G. (Lecturer). (2013) MGP2501 Tourism Economic Impacts Additional. [VIDEO] Australia: Monash University
Donehue, L. (personal communication, September, 2013)
Fleming. W. R., and Toepper, L. (1990) Economic impact studies: relating the positive and negative impacts to tourism development. Journal of Travel Research. 29(1): 35-42. DOI: 10.1177/004728759002900108
Gaur, S. (2011) Types of Tourism & Impacts of Tourism. Tourism. Retrieved September 9, 2013 from http://www.slideshare.net/shwetag77/tourism-7227230
Hall, M. (personal communication, September, 2013)
Hall, C.M. (2003). Introduction to tourism: dimensions and issues (4th ed). Frenchs forest, Australia. Pearson education Australian
Hall, C.M. (2007). Introduction to tourism in Australia: development, issues and changes (5th ed). Frenchs forest, Australia. Pearson education Australian
Khan, H., Chou, F. S., & Wong, K. C. (1990). Tourism multiplier effects on Singapore. Annals of Tourism Research. 17(3): 408-418
Stynes, D. J. (1997). Economic impacts of Tourism: A handbook for tourism professionals. Retrieved from: https://www.msu.edu/course/prr/840/econimpact/pdf/ecimpvol1.pdf
Vanhove, N. (2005) The economics of tourism destinations. Burlington, MA. Elsevier Butterworth-Heinemann
Donehue, L. (personal communication, September, 2013)
Fleming. W. R., and Toepper, L. (1990) Economic impact studies: relating the positive and negative impacts to tourism development. Journal of Travel Research. 29(1): 35-42. DOI: 10.1177/004728759002900108
Gaur, S. (2011) Types of Tourism & Impacts of Tourism. Tourism. Retrieved September 9, 2013 from http://www.slideshare.net/shwetag77/tourism-7227230
Hall, M. (personal communication, September, 2013)
Hall, C.M. (2003). Introduction to tourism: dimensions and issues (4th ed). Frenchs forest, Australia. Pearson education Australian
Hall, C.M. (2007). Introduction to tourism in Australia: development, issues and changes (5th ed). Frenchs forest, Australia. Pearson education Australian
Khan, H., Chou, F. S., & Wong, K. C. (1990). Tourism multiplier effects on Singapore. Annals of Tourism Research. 17(3): 408-418
Stynes, D. J. (1997). Economic impacts of Tourism: A handbook for tourism professionals. Retrieved from: https://www.msu.edu/course/prr/840/econimpact/pdf/ecimpvol1.pdf
Vanhove, N. (2005) The economics of tourism destinations. Burlington, MA. Elsevier Butterworth-Heinemann
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